Abstract This article aims to present a bibliometric study of research involving the concept of fintechs from the past 30 years (1991-2020). For this study, the bibliographical data was extracted from Scopus. Among the main results that were found, three stand out. Firstly, this article describes a general panorama of research involving fintechs from the last 30 years in the subareas ‘Business, Management and Accounting’ and ‘Economics, Econometrics and Finance’. Secondly, we detected three generations of research related to this field of study. They are the discovery (1991-2006), the development (2007-2016), and the expansion (2017-2020). Also, we highlighted connections between the three generations, as well as the evolutionary process of the subjects that were addressed in these different generations. The third result was the identification of six themes that represent research trends for the future, which are: ‘banking & financial services’, ‘electronic services & ‘e-finance’, ‘consumer behaviour’, ‘mobile services’, ‘risk’ and ‘cryptocurrency’.

Resumen Aunque existen estudios sobre los límites de la firma, este campo de estudio sigue siendo un tema que necesita mayor desarrollo. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los límites de la firma a la luz de las capacidades tecnológica y transaccional. El método utilizado fue el estudio de casos múltiples en firmas de diferentes estratos de intensidad tecnológica. Los principales resultados de este estudio pueden expresarse mediante tres proposiciones. Primero, todas las firmas industriales tienen capacidad tecnológica y capacidad transaccional. Segundo, las firmas con capacidades más desarrolladas (tecnológica y transaccional) amplían sus límites. Tercero, las firmas pueden ampliar sus límites acumulando capacidad tecnológica, capacidad transaccional o ambas. Como conclusión del artículo, las capacidades tecnológicas y transaccionales son esenciales para la expansión de las fronteras de las firmas en cualquier extracto de intensidad tecnológica.

Abstract Although there is research pertaining to the boundaries of firms, this field of study still requires more development. The objective of this paper is to analyse firm boundaries considering technological and transactional capabilities. The method chosen was that of multiple case studies conducted in firms having different technological intensity levels. The main results are contained in three propositions. Firstly, all industrial firms have technological and transactional capability. Secondly, firms with more developed capabilities (technological and transactional) expand their boundaries. Thirdly, the firms are able to expand their boundaries by means of the accumulation of technological capability, transactional capability, or both. As a conclusion to this paper, technological and transactional capabilities are essential for expanding the boundaries of firms at any level of technological intensity.

Abstract: Sharing economy is an area that has been attracting increased interest from entrepreneurs and academics thanks to its notable growth. This study intends to present a quantitative panorama of studies related to the sharing economy, and to identify research trends and propose an agenda for future studies. In order to accomplish this, we applied the bibliometric method (bibliographic coupling) to data extracted from the Scopus Database. This is a relatively new field of study, originating in the socio-marketing interests related to the act of sharing and evolving from there until the most recent studies, which are based on sharing platforms and new technologies. Based on the identified research trends and their overlapping of one another, we propose some questions that may be the target of future studies and would contribute to this field of research.

RESUMO Objetivo: Propor um modelo teórico suportado em nove drivers da inovação em serviços (cultura organizacional, estratégias, pesquisa e desenvolvimento, capital humano, competidores, clientes, fornecedores, trajetória tecnológica, trajetória institucional) para compreender o fenômeno. Originalidade/valor: Dado o seu recente protagonismo e pelo enfoque manufatureiro inicialmente recebido, a inovação em serviços ainda carece de modelos que busquem compreender o fenômeno dentro de um framework abrangente e particular. A originalidade do trabalho surge dessa problemática. Design /metodologia/abordagem: O método consiste em um estudo de casos múltiplos. Para sua execução, utilizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores estratégicos de hospitais, além de pesquisa documental com a análise de balanços contábeis, organogramas, entre outros. Para a análise dos resultados, utilizou-se a compreensão dos casos em uma perspectiva sistêmica, por meio da síntese de casos cruzados, permitindo a comparação de casos em uma mesma estrutura. Resultados: O modelo permitiu identificar que os hospitais em análise apresentam dificuldades para inovar, dadas algumas características levantadas a partir dos drivers propostos por este trabalho. Mais especificamente, os hospitais possuem conceito unidimensional e defasado da inovação, isto é, consideram a inovação em serviços como a adoção das tecnologias oriundas da indústria, tal qual se considerava com Barras (1986), além de inexistirem programas estratégicos de inovação.

ABSTRACT Objective: To propose a theoretical model based on nine drivers of service innovation (organizational culture, strategies, research and development, employees, technological trajectory, institutional trajectory, competitors, consumers, and suppliers) in order to comprehend the phenomenon. Originality/value: Given its recent empowerment and the manufacturing focus it has initially received, service innovation still lacks models that seek to comprehend the phenomenon within an encompassing and particular framework. The originality of this study arises from this issue. Design/methodology/approach: The method consists of a multiple case study. We used semi-structured interviews with strategic hospital managers and documental research with an analysis of accounting balances, organograms, and other documents. We addressed the cases from a systemic perspective in order to permit comparison within the same structure. Results: The model permitted us to recognize that the analyzed hospitals were having difficulty innovating, as shown by some characteristics found through the drivers that were proposed by this study. More specifically, the hospitals follow a unidimensional and outdated concept of innovation; that is, they consider innovation in services to be the adoption of technologies from the industry, as shown by Barras (1986). There are also no strategic innovation programs.

ABSTRACT The article’s objective is to present a quantitative overview of innovation studies developed by Latin American authors. We adopted the bibliometric method to build the study, with data originated from the Scopus and Web of Science databases, covering 30 years (1987-2016). From this data analysis, we found out that innovation studies in Latin America, for long period, did not present a significant volume. However, this scenario has undergone changes, such as: (1) the growth in the volume of publications of the countries; (2) the relevant collaboration between Latin American countries and the United States, Spain, and the United Kingdom; (3) and relevant presence of Brazilian authors and universities as the most productive in the region. Despite these changes, Latin America still falls behind the reference countries in the area, accounting for 2.75% of the worldwide bibliographic production on innovation in the databases analyzed.

Abstract: This paper aims at identifying the different arrangements of innovation capabilities for firms with different levels of R&D investment. The four innovation capabilities model (development, operations, management and transaction) by Zawislak et al., (2012) was crossed with the three level - low, medium and high - R&D intensity classification by Legler and Frietsch (2007). A multiple regression was applied on data from a survey of 1,331 Brazilian manufacturing firms, results clearly show different arrange ments of innovation capabilities for each level of R&D investment. Operations capability does not generate innovation performance in any level. Development capability becomes increasingly relevant to performance, as R&D investment increases, on the other hand, management and transaction capabilities turn to be less prominent.

Abstract Despite significant advances in research on innovation in services, there are still major challenges in this area. The purpose of this article is to analyse the state-of the art on innovation in services, and point out some future possibilities. The method used was a bibliographic review. The results indicate that there is a transition taking place, where researchers are no longer trying to explain what innovation is (linked to a school of thought of the subject), but trying to explain how it occurs. Moreover, it is observed that the research trend is the study on innovation in services interconnected with other areas.

Resumo Apesar dos importantes avanços na pesquisa em inovação em serviços, essa área ainda tem desafios a serem superados. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar o estado da arte em inovação em serviços e apontar algumas possibilidades de pesquisas futuras. O método utilizado foi uma revisão bibliográfica. Os resultados indicam que há uma transição ocorrendo da temática, cujos pesquisadores não estão mais buscando explicar o que é inovação atrelada a uma escola de pensamento da disciplina, mas tentando explicar como o fenômeno ocorre. Além disso, observase que a tendência de pesquisa nessa área é o estudo da inovação em serviços e a sua interligação com outras áreas.

RESUMO As capacidades dinâmicas e de inovação têm recebido considerável atenção, tanto na academia quanto na prática. Embora um dos mais antigos questionamentos da literatura econômica e de estratégia envolva a compreensão das características determinantes do sucesso comercial e da perpetuação da empresa, a literatura ainda carece de um modelo abrangente de capacidades de inovação e dinâmicas. Este estudo apresenta um modelo que avalia as perspectivas das capacidades de inovação e dinâmicas da empresa a partir de quatro capacidades essenciais: capacidades de desenvolvimento, operações, gerenciamento e transações. Dados de uma pesquisa com 1.107 empresas brasileiras de manufatura foram utilizados para a realização de testes empíricos e discussões sobre a estrutura das capacidades dinâmicas. Análises de regressão e fatoriais validaram o modelo; discutimos o resultado, contrastando com a estrutura de capacidades dinâmicas. A capacidade de operações é a menos dinâmica de todas as capacidades, com a menor influência em inovação. Isso reforça a noção das capacidades de operações como "capacidades ordinárias", enquanto as de gerenciamento, desenvolvimento e transações explicam melhor a dinâmica e a inovação das empresas.

ABSTRACT Innovation and dynamic capabilities have gained considerable attention in both academia and practice. While one of the oldest inquiries in economic and strategy literature involves understanding the features that drive business success and a firm's perpetuity, the literature still lacks a comprehensive model of innovation and dynamic capabilities. This study presents a model that assesses firms' innovation and dynamic capabilities perspectives based on four essential capabilities: development, operations, management, and transaction capabilities. Data from a survey of 1,107 Brazilian manufacturing firms were used for empirical testing and discussion of the dynamic capabilities framework. Regression and factor analyses validated the model; we discuss the results, contrasting with the dynamic capabilities' framework. Operations Capability is the least dynamic of all capabilities, with the least influence on innovation. This reinforces the notion that operations capabilities as "ordinary capabilities," whereas management, development, and transaction capabilities better explain firms' dynamics and innovation.

RESUMEN La innovación y las capacidades dinámicas han ganado considerable atención tanto en la academia como en la práctica. Mientras el entendimiento de las características que impulsan el éxito y la perpetuidad de la firma es una de las preguntas más antiguas en la literatura de economía y estrategia, aún falta un modelo amplio sobre capacidades de innovación y capacidades dinámicas. El artículo presenta un modelo de evaluación que operacionaliza una visión basada en las capacidades de innovación y capacidades dinámicas de la firma. El modelo se basa en cuatro capacidades esenciales (desarrollo, operación, gestión y transacción). Se realizó un survey con 1.107 firmas industriales brasileñas para probar empíricamente y discutir el modelo de las capacidades dinámicas. El análisis factorial y de regresión validaron el modelo. La capacidad de operación es la menos dinámica y con menor influencia en la innovación. Eso refuerza la noción de que la capacidad de operación es una "capacidad común", considerando que las otras capacidades explican mejor la dinámica de la firma.

RESUMO Embora existam alguns esforços no sentido de integrar as perspectivas de capacidades e a economia dos custos de transação, os avanços nessa direção são escassos. A integração dessas duas perspectivas é uma área de estudo emergente denominada capacidade transacional. O presente artigo tem por objetivo examinar a capacidade transacional de firmas que atuam no sistema financeiro peruano. O método escolhido para a busca das evidências nesse setor é o estudo de múltiplos casos. A unidade de análise foi o contrato de empréstimo de consumo referente a cada uma das dez firmas estudadas. Os resultados encontrados demonstram a existência da capacidade transacional nas três dimensões analisadas: relação com os clientes, poder de negociação e elaboração de contratos. Essas evidências são relevantes porque, além de demonstrarem a existência da capacidade transacional, indicam a possibilidade de continuar a consolidação desse novo construto.

ABSTRACT Although there are some efforts to integrate the capabilities and economy of transaction costs perspectives, advances in this direction are scarce. The integration of these two perspectives is an emerging area of study called transactional capability. This article aims to examine the transactional capabilities of firms operating in the Peruvian financial system. The method chosen, for the search for evidence in that sector, is the study of multiple cases. The unit of analysis was the contract agreement corresponding to each of the ten firms surveyed consumption. The results show the existence of transactional capability in the three dimensions analyzed: customer relations, bargaining power and design contracts. Such evidence is relevant because, besides demonstrating the existence of the transactional capabilities, points to the possibility of continuing the consolidation of this new construct.

RESUMEN Aunque existen algunos esfuerzos por integrar las perspectivas de capacidades y la economía de los costos de transacción, los avances en esa dirección son escasos. La integración de esas dos perspectivas es una emergente área de estudio llamada capacidad transaccional. Este artículo tiene por objetivo examinar la capacidad transaccional de firmas que operan en el sistema financiero peruano. El método escogido para la búsqueda de evidencias en ese sector es el estudio de casos múltiples. La unidad de análisis fue el contrato de préstamo de consumo, correspondiente a cada una de las diez firmas estudiadas. Los resultados encontrados demuestran la existencia de la capacidad transaccional en las tres dimensiones analizadas: relación con los clientes, poder de negociación y diseño de contratos. Tales evidencias son relevantes porque, además de demostrar la existencia de la capacidad transaccional, sustentan la posibilidad de continuar con la consolidación de este nuevo constructo.

The topic of innovation as a source of competitive advantage for firms is consolidated in the literature. An innovation-based advantage is generally achieved by following a structured process, in which technological capability plays a key role. However, a question remains in studies into innovation, which is concerned with the reasons why not all firms that develop a technological capability are innovative. Where is the missing link? Great efforts have been made in attempts to answer to this question. However, the study of this link as a source of advantage for firms deserves further attention. This article aims to present a framework with two essential dimensions: (1) the technological capability and (2) the transactional capability. Technological capability is the ability of firms to make effective use of technical knowledge in order to improve production processes and develop new products and services. Transactional capability is defined as a repertoire of abilities, processes, experiences, skills, knowledge and routines that the firm uses to minimize its transaction costs (ex¿ante and ex¿post). Given that the present study is a theoretical paper, methodologically it is based on a literature review. The main finding of this study is the identification of transactional capability as the missing link in innovation. Accordingly, to be innovative, in addition to having a technological capability, a firm needs to develop its transactional capability.

La innovación como fuente de ventaja competitiva de la firma es un tema consolidado en la literatura. Una ventaja basada en la innovación se alcanza, generalmente, a través de un proceso estructurado, donde la capacidad tecnológica tiene un papel crucial. No obstante, una cuestión que continúa pendiente en esta área de investigación es la de identificar por qué no todas las firmas que desarrollan su capacidad tecnológica son innovadoras. ¿Dónde está el eslabón perdido? Muchos esfuerzos ya fueron realizados para tratar de responder a esa pregunta. Sin embargo, el estudio de este eslabón perdido, como fuente de ventaja para la firma merece más atención. El presente artículo tiene por objeto presentar un framework con dos dimensiones esenciales: (1) la capacidad tecnológica y (2) la capacidad transaccional. La capacidad tecnológica es la habilidad que tiene la firma para hacer uso efectivo del conocimiento técnico para mejorar los procesos productivos y desarrollar nuevos productos y servicios. La capacidad transaccional es definida como un repertorio de habilidades, procesos, experiencias, destrezas, conocimiento y rutinas que la firma usa para minimizar sus costos de transacción (ex-ante y ex-post). Dado que este estudio se caracteriza como un artículo teórico, metodológicamente está basado en una revisión bibliográfica. El hallazgo principal de este estudio es la identificación de la capacidad transaccional como el eslabón perdido de la innovación. En este sentido, para que una firma sea innovadora debe, además de tener capacidad tecnológica, desarrollar su capacidad transaccional.

The firm’s role, besides producing goods and services, is to promote technological change and innovation. While academic research on technological capabilities has led to a better understanding of the process of technical change itself, there is no consensus on the ultimate definition of innovation capability. The purpose of this paper is to present a framework for innovation capability. This is formed by four key capabilities (technology development, operations, management and transaction) that enable firms to reach Schumpeterian profits. Given that the study is characterized as a theoretical paper, methodologically is supported on an extensive literature review. Our main findings can be summed up in three aspects: (1) every firm has all four capabilities; none of them are null; (2) to be innovative, at least one of the firm’s capabilities must be predominant; (3) any firm, when established, is primarily technological or transactional, in a second stage, operational or managerial.